¹Interdisciplinary Institute for Food Security, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. BANGLADESH
²Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80‑416 Gdańsk, POLAND
³Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum - TÜRKİYE
⁴Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, TR-53100 Rize - TÜRKİYE DOI : 10.9775/kvfd.2026.37720 Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pose a significant One Health challenge that transcends the boundaries of the environment, animal and human health, due to their widespread presence in global food systems. This narrative review draws on peer-reviewed literature published up to May 2026 to assess environmental entry points, animal exposure pathways, veterinary health outcomes and impacts on human health. Our analysis confirms that there is strong evidence regarding environmental contamination and entry into aquatic food chains; however, it reveals significant knowledge gaps at the animal-to-human interface, particularly concerning terrestrial farm animal products such as meat, milk and eggs. Toxicological studies indicate that multi-organ pathology can occur at high exposure concentrations; however, inferences regarding real-world dietary exposure are limited by methodological constraints, such as the use of pure polystyrene spheres at doses up to 100,000 times higher than environmental levels and the absence of standardized analytical protocols. Crucially, there is no longitudinal epidemiological evidence for a causal relationship between dietary microplastic ingestion from animal-derived foods and specific clinical outcomes in humans. We propose an integrated One Health surveillance architecture that unites environmental monitoring, animal sentinels, and human biomonitoring. Prioritizing standardized methods, terrestrial product contamination data, and prospective cohort studies is essential for an evidence-based risk assessment that does not undermine the proven nutritional benefits of ADFs. Keywords : Microplastics, Nanoplastics, One Health, Animal-derived foods, Food safety, Environmental contamination, Human health, Risk assessment